TheDrive.co.uk https://www.thedrive.co.uk/ UK motoring blog of car reviews and news Fri, 20 Mar 2026 17:07:24 +0000 en-GB hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.0.1 https://carblogswordpressblobs.blob.core.windows.net/thedrive-media/2026/07/the-drive-favicon-512-150x150.png TheDrive.co.uk https://www.thedrive.co.uk/ 32 32 Hubcentric vs Lugcentric Wheel Spacers: What Most People Get Wrong https://www.thedrive.co.uk/2026/03/20/hubcentric-vs-lugcentric-wheel-spacers-what-most-people-get-wrong/ Fri, 20 Mar 2026 17:07:24 +0000 https://www.thedrive.co.uk/?p=2463 Let’s start with what most people think. A wheel spacer is just a piece of metal that pushes the wheel out. So as long as the bolt pattern matches, it should work… right? That’s the assumption. That’s also where the problems start. Because there are two very different types of spacers, and most people don’t […]

The post Hubcentric vs Lugcentric Wheel Spacers: What Most People Get Wrong appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
Let’s start with what most people think.

A wheel spacer is just a piece of metal that pushes the wheel out.

So as long as the bolt pattern matches, it should work… right?

That’s the assumption.

That’s also where the problems start.

Because there are two very different types of spacers, and most people don’t realise which one they’re buying.

What People Think the Difference Is

If you search this topic, you’ll usually get a simple explanation:

  • Hubcentric = better
  • Lugcentric = cheaper

That’s about as far as it goes.

But that doesn’t explain why one works properly and the other can cause issues.

So let’s break it down properly.

What Hubcentric and Lugcentric Actually Mean

Hubcentric Spacers

A hubcentric spacer locates on the hub using the centre bore.

It then provides a new centre lip for the wheel to locate onto.

So the load path looks like this:

Hub ? Spacer ? Wheel

Everything stays centred through the hub.

That’s how the car was designed from factory.

Lugcentric Spacers

A lugcentric spacer does not locate on the hub tightly.

Instead, it relies on the bolts to centre the wheel.

So the load path becomes:

Bolts ? Wheel ? Spacer (floating)

That’s a completely different setup.

And it’s where the problems begin.

Why Lugcentric Spacers Cause Issues

The problem is small movement.

Even if the spacer looks like it fits, there is usually a tiny amount of clearance.

At low speed, you won’t notice it.

At higher speed, that small misalignment becomes vibration.

You’ll feel it through:

  • The steering wheel
  • The seat
  • The whole car at certain speeds

It can also lead to uneven load on the bolts.

Over time, that’s not what you want.

Why Some People Say “Mine Are Fine”

This is where it gets confusing.

You’ll always find someone who says:

“I’ve run cheap spacers for years and had no issues.”

That can be true.

A few reasons why:

  • Their tolerances happened to be tight enough
  • The car isn’t driven hard
  • The wheels self-centred during install

So yes, sometimes you get away with it.

But it’s not consistent.

That’s the key point.

How Proper Engineering Fixes the Problem

The fix is simple in theory.

Make the spacer behave like part of the hub.

That means:

  • Tight centre bore tolerance
  • Proper hub lip
  • Flat mounting faces
  • Correct material

When all of that is right, the wheel sits exactly where it should.

No reliance on bolts to centre anything.

No movement.

No vibration.

If you look at properly machined hubcentric wheel spacers, this is exactly what they are designed to do:

Why Tolerances Matter More Than You Think

You’re dealing with rotating mass.

Even a small error becomes noticeable once the wheel is spinning.

For example:

  • 0.1mm off-centre at the hub
  • Multiplied at the tyre edge
  • Felt through the car at speed

That’s why cheap spacers often feel fine at 30 mph, but not at 70 mph.

Precision matters here.

Real-World Example: Porsche Fitment

Cars like Porsche make this very obvious.

The factory tolerances are tight.

The steering feel is sharp.

So any small issue shows up quickly.

If you install a spacer that doesn’t locate properly:

  • You’ll feel vibration straight away
  • The car won’t feel right

But if the spacer is hubcentric and machined correctly:

  • The driving feel stays the same
  • Just with improved stance

For Porsche wheel spacers, using the correct spacer type makes a noticeable difference:

When Lugcentric Spacers Might Be Acceptable

There are limited cases where lugcentric spacers can work.

For example:

  • Very thin spacers (3–5mm)
  • Temporary setups
  • Low-performance applications

Even then, you are relying on the bolts to centre the wheel.

So it’s still not ideal.

A Simple Rule to Follow

If you want to avoid problems, keep it simple:

  • Spacer must locate on the hub
  • Wheel must locate on the spacer
  • Bolts should only clamp, not centre

If all three are true, the setup will work as intended.

Final Thoughts

The difference between hubcentric and lugcentric spacers is not just terminology.

It’s the difference between a properly supported wheel and one that relies on the bolts to hold everything in place.

Some setups will work either way.

But if you want consistent results, smooth driving, and no vibration, the choice is clear.

Get the fitment right at the hub, and everything else falls into place.

The post Hubcentric vs Lugcentric Wheel Spacers: What Most People Get Wrong appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
The Impact of Rising Fuel Costs on the HGV Industry https://www.thedrive.co.uk/2025/08/03/the-impact-of-rising-fuel-costs-on-the-hgv-industry/ Sun, 03 Aug 2025 08:45:04 +0000 https://www.thedrive.co.uk/?p=2452 Anyone in the HGV industry will know that one of their biggest overheads is fuel costs. Recent global events, energy instability and economic shifts have caused unprecedented surges in fuel prices, which has sent shockwaves throughout the haulage sector. The knock-on effects of squeezed profit margins, rising delivery costs, and ongoing staffing concerns have impacted […]

The post The Impact of Rising Fuel Costs on the HGV Industry appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
Anyone in the HGV industry will know that one of their biggest overheads is fuel costs. Recent global events, energy instability and economic shifts have caused unprecedented surges in fuel prices, which has sent shockwaves throughout the haulage sector.

The knock-on effects of squeezed profit margins, rising delivery costs, and ongoing staffing concerns have impacted every part of the logistics industry as well as the wider economy.

In this article, FleetEx discuss how these fuel price hikes are affecting HGV operators, what is driving the cost increases, and what solutions businesses can explore to help mitigate the impact.

The largest industry expense

Currently, fuel accounts for 30–40% of an HGV operator’s total operating costs. This means that when prices rise, profit margins can shrink dramatically, especially for small and mid-sized HGV companies that lack the buying power or fuel hedging strategies of larger organisations.

Many haulage firms are also locked into delivery contracts and pricing models that were set before the latest round of price hikes, which makes it more difficult to pass these costs on to customers.

At this point, even large-scale fleet operators are starting to feel the squeeze, with price volatility making long-term forecasting and budgeting more complex than ever before. The Road Haulage Association reports that some firms are spending tens of thousands more per month on fuel compared with previous years. This means that any significant increase in diesel cost can lead to immediate financial strain across the board.

Record highs for diesel prices

Diesel prices in the UK have remained persistently high due to a combination of post-pandemic demand rebound and reduced refining capacities. There has also been significant global supply chain disruption and ongoing geopolitical tensions, such as the war in Ukraine.

This has meant that average pump prices for diesel have exceeded £1.70 per litre in some regions, putting immense pressure on the cost of operating HGVs. Trucks can easily use 8–10 mpg, which means rising costs will add hundreds or even thousands of pounds per vehicle every month. In addition to this, fuel duty and VAT have compounded the problem, despite a freeze in fuel duty in the 2024 Spring Budget.

It is important to remember that rising fuel prices are no longer just a blip, but an ongoing challenge with no immediate return to pre-crisis levels expected any time soon.

Supply chain knock-on effects

Fuel costs impact every industry that relies on road freight – from supermarkets and retailers to construction and manufacturing – and not just the hauliers themselves. This means that as transport costs rise, businesses must either absorb the cost and cut into their own profits or pass the increase on to consumers, leading to growing inflation. They may also reduce their orders or services, which will then impact supply.

Fuel inflation is therefore a key contributor to the rising cost of living in the UK. With the HGV sector also facing significant driver shortages, high insurance premiums, and increasing vehicle costs, the rise in fuel prices adds pressure to what was already a fragile system. As a result, some small logistics businesses have left the market altogether as they have been unable to stay afloat due to higher costs and inflexible contracts.

The cost of sustainability

The rise in fuel prices has helped renew focus on eco-friendly alternatives such as electric HGVs, hydrogen fuel cells, biofuels and synthetic fuels. However, adoption of these methods remains limited due to high upfront costs and limited infrastructure. There are also significant performance concerns for anyone offering long-distance haulage.

Several companies are investing in aerodynamic upgrades, driver behaviour tracking and route optimisation software to help reduce fuel consumption, therefore cutting costs and improving environmental impact at the same time. They are also consolidating loads and exploring better scheduling to improve efficiency – but this has its limitations.

There is no doubt that sustainable transport will be an essential part of the long-term future of logistics, but for now it is not yet possible to fully offset the immediate challenges that fuel inflation has created.

The haulage response

HGV firms have been forced to take action to remain competitive and operational. This has led to many negotiating fuel surcharges into contracts and introducing fuel levies wherever possible for B2B services. They are now reassessing traditional routes and delivery schedules to minimise mileage and upgrading fleet vehicles to create better fuel economy.

It has also proved worthwhile to invest in driver training, which can encourage more fuel-efficient driving behaviours, and to switch to telematics systems for real-time fuel usage tracking. Some have joined buying groups or fuel card programmes to access bulk discounts that would not otherwise be possible.

These are all useful strategies, but many still require significant levels of investment – which many smaller businesses cannot afford. This shows there is no quick fix to the fuel cost problem, and only gradual adaptation through cost-control technology and smarter planning can provide a solution.

Government impact

There have been many calls for the government to reduce fuel duty further and provide targeted support for small haulage firms. There is also a need for incentives to help HGV companies switch to greener vehicles that might otherwise be out of reach.

Currently, government strategy is focusing on broader decarbonisation goals and is offering short-term, limited relief for hauliers affected by the fuel spike. This is why a balanced approach is needed – one that supports businesses through current volatility while still encouraging long-term innovation and sustainability.

The impact of rising fuel costs has been severe and far-reaching for the HGV industry. And while technology, training and sustainability offer long-term solutions, it is important to recognise the urgent need for short-term cost control and policy support for the road freight industry to survive.

The post The Impact of Rising Fuel Costs on the HGV Industry appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
A Guide to HGV Daily Walkaround Checks https://www.thedrive.co.uk/2025/03/29/a-guide-to-hgv-daily-walkaround-checks/ Sat, 29 Mar 2025 08:59:20 +0000 https://www.thedrive.co.uk/?p=2444 When you are in charge of an HGV, you need to make sure that it is in good working order to keep yourself and everyone else on the road as safe as possible. This means it is essential that you perform a walkaround check, before getting into the vehicle to make sure it is fit […]

The post A Guide to HGV Daily Walkaround Checks appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
When you are in charge of an HGV, you need to make sure that it is in good working order to keep yourself and everyone else on the road as safe as possible. This means it is essential that you perform a walkaround check, before getting into the vehicle to make sure it is fit for purpose. This can allow you to keep on top of any defects, make sure the vehicle is running efficiently, and save lives.

In this article, Fleet Ex look at what should be involved in a daily vehicle check how you should perform it, and what your legal requirements are.

Is it a legal requirement to perform daily HGV checks?

The DVSA requires all HGVs to be checked on a daily basis. The DVSA has the power to inspect vehicles and check for any safety defects at the roadside, and if they feel you have missed anything before setting out, they can ask for records of your checks.

You must perform a check each day of your vehicle, including your trailer, before you drive it, and you are also responsible for monitoring the condition of the vehicle during service.

If the vehicle is going to be driven by more than one driver in a day, each one must check it before setting off to ensure maximum safety for everyone involved. It is therefore essential that you know what should be included in a daily check of an HGV.

Exterior checks of the vehicle

You will need to make sure that you check all aspects of the exterior of your HGV. This should start by ensuring that your lights and indicators are all working correctly, that the lenses are well fitted and clean and that they are the correct colour. You should also take the opportunity to look at the battery to make sure it is secure, in good condition and not leaking and that the fuel cap is fitted.

When the engine is turned on, you should look under the vehicle to spot any signs of fuel or oil leaks. It is important that you look out for any excessive exhaust smoke and that you have enough AdBlue. Take a look at the body and wings of the vehicle and ensure that fastenings work as well as checking that doors, body panels, landing legs, side guards and rear under guards are fully secured and well fitted.

You should also inspect each tyre to make sure that it is secure, inflated, free from damage and has a tread depth of at least 1mm. Spray suppression flaps should be fitted if needed and must be free from damage and clogging. You will also need to assess each electrical connection to ensure that any visible wiring is insulated and unlikely to catch on anything.

When you begin to load the vehicle, you need to ensure that the correct type of loading secure system is used so that it is not going to move whilst in transit and become unrestrained. The coupling security also needs to be checked, keeping a secure attachment to any trailer, located in either the fifth wheel or coupling and the secondary locking is in the right position.

Before completing the check, you should look at the reflectors, markings and warning plates, as well as your number plate to make sure they’re all clearly visible, secure, and clean.

Checking the interior

Checking the inside of the vehicle is just as important as the outside. You should make sure that you take a look at the mirrors to check that they are in the right place and free from any damage, that the view is not obscured in any way, and that they are securely attached. You will also need to check the windscreen for any cracks, scratches, discolouration or excessive tinting.

This is also the point where you should check that the windscreen wipers and washer are working correctly and if any wipers are missing, damaged or worn then you need to report this. It is essential that all drivers have a clear front view without any obstructions in the sweep area of the wipers.

The dashboard should also be checked for any warning lights or gauges to ensure that they are working and whether they indicate a problem. You should also make sure that there is no excessive lift or movement in the steering column and that the wheel moves properly without any jamming. You should also ensure that the power assisted steering is working and the vehicle’s horn is easy to reach and functioning correctly.

You should also make sure that the correct height is displayed on the vehicle height marker inside the cab before double-checking that the seat belt does not exhibit any signs of damage and is secure when plugged in and retracting easily when taken off.

Records of daily checks

You should make sure that there is a record of your daily checks. This should contain a checklist of everything you need to look at, so that you can add a date, time and signature to show when this was completed. If you notice any defects, then you should report them to your manager immediately and record what you notice and who you reported it to.

A record of any defects should include the vehicle registration date, details of the defects, assessment of them as to whether they are dangerous or not, your name, who the defect was reported to, what rectification work has taken place and when this was completed.

Minor defects do not always mean that the vehicle is unsafe, but anything significant could put the vehicle out of action. You must also keep a record of anything that becomes apparent during a journey. These records must be kept and should be available for viewing for at least 15 months.

A daily walk around check should take no more than 15 minutes to make sure that your vehicle is safe and compliant. Even during the busiest of times, these checks are essential for the safety of everyone on the road.

The post A Guide to HGV Daily Walkaround Checks appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
How to Beat Fatigue: Tips for Staying Alert on Long Journeys https://www.thedrive.co.uk/2024/10/30/how-to-beat-fatigue-tips-for-staying-alert-on-long-journeys/ Wed, 30 Oct 2024 15:28:50 +0000 https://www.thedrive.co.uk/?p=2439 A long journey on the road can present all sorts of different problems, but one of the most serious can be the ability to stay awake and alert at all times. A lack of company, a monotonous journey and long hours can all mean that our eyelids start to feel heavy, and tiredness can creep […]

The post How to Beat Fatigue: Tips for Staying Alert on Long Journeys appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
A long journey on the road can present all sorts of different problems, but one of the most serious can be the ability to stay awake and alert at all times. A lack of company, a monotonous journey and long hours can all mean that our eyelids start to feel heavy, and tiredness can creep in.

Of course, this is incredibly dangerous and can be responsible for a lot of very serious accidents and so in this article, Walker Movements share their tips on how you can beat fatigue and stay alert on your next long journey.

The risks of tiredness behind the wheel

When we think of the dangers of becoming tired behind the wheel, it is easy to think about the risk of falling asleep and crashing. This, of course, can be lethal both to the driver concerned and anyone else on the road.

However, this is not the only concern. The gradual onset of fatigue can be equally as dangerous, as it is something which builds up gradually and can make it difficult for you to notice it happening.

When you are tired, it can affect how you are able to drive, and in particular it can slow down your reaction times. It also impacts on your decision-making abilities and therefore the risk of accidents can increase.

In fact, it is estimated that driver fatigue can be responsible for between 10 and 20% of all road accidents across the world. It is therefore essential that you understand the causes of fatigue, recognise the early signs of it and find ways in which you can beat it in order to stay alert at all times on long journeys.

Fatigue warning signs

As fatigue has the ability to creep up on you, it is essential that you are aware of the early warning signs so that it does not catch you out.

Frequent yawning and heavy eyelids are very obvious signs of tiredness and if you are having difficulty keeping your eyes open then it is a clear sign you are too tired to drive.

It can also make it difficult for you to maintain your focus on the road and if you find that your mind is wandering and you are losing concentration, then you may be experiencing fatigue.

Fatigue is capable of impairing your judgement on your decision making, which might mean there are a few questionable choices made during your drive. These can include things like speeding or taking any unnecessary risks.

It also affects your mood and so it can make you impatient, easily frustrated and irritable, so if your passengers are complaining about your mood or road rage is creeping in, it might be time to think about how tired you feel.

You will also find that your reaction times become slower and so it can take you longer to engage the brakes or respond to sudden hazards.

Lack of sleep

One of the most common causes of fatigue on the road is due to a lack of sleep the night before. Therefore, if you know you are going to embark on a long journey, it is important you do all you can to have a good night’s sleep. That means doing your preparation early and ensuring that you go to bed at an appropriate time to be able to get enough hours of rest.

Scheduling regular breaks

Long journeys can be boring and tiring, especially on roads like motorways or dual carriageways, which can start to feel monotonous. It can therefore be very easy to start feeling tired or fatigued and so it is important to factor in some regular breaks for your journey.

You should therefore make sure there is a rest area that you can pull over into a service station or even a scenic spot where you can get out of the car, stretch your legs and get some fresh air.

If you are feeling particularly tired, then it can be beneficial to take a quick power nap to help you reduce your drowsiness. Some light exercise can also be beneficial to leave your mind and body refreshed for the next stage of your journey.

Maintaining good posture

The way you sit when you are driving can be very important to help fend off feelings of fatigue. Slouching or sitting in one position for too long can make you sluggish and tired, so adjust your seat frequently to make sure you are engaging your core muscles. This can not only help to alleviate any fatigue, but it can also ensure you are more comfortable and can prevent long term back problems if you are driving frequently.

Think about your food and drink

It is important to think about what you consume while you are driving. Stimulants such as caffeine, energy drinks and sugar can all provide a temporary boost but can then be followed by a significant crash in your alertness. This can then be responsible for making fatigue worse. It is therefore important that you stick to water and natural energy boosters like fruits and nuts, which can release sugar more slowly and allow you to maintain a steady level of alertness.

Engage your senses

Most of us have probably turned the music up at some point when we are feeling tired, and this can be helpful. Upbeat music, podcasts, or audiobook narrations can all help to stimulate the mind and keep you engaged. This is a great way to keep fatigue at bay, although you should make sure that it is nothing that is too distracting as this can then draw your attention away from the road.

Fatigue is an incredibly dangerous thing, so you need to make sure that you do not underestimate it when driving.  It is an issue which should be taken extremely seriously, as it can leave yourself, your passengers and other road users at extreme risk. You should therefore plan your journey around potential fatigue issues and make sure that you have everything at your disposal to keep you awake.

The post How to Beat Fatigue: Tips for Staying Alert on Long Journeys appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
How long do motorcycle batteries last? https://www.thedrive.co.uk/2024/06/20/how-long-do-motorcycle-batteries-last/ Thu, 20 Jun 2024 08:07:46 +0000 https://www.thedrive.co.uk/?p=2435 We are often asked the question, how long do motorcycle batteries last? The average lifespan of a motorcycle battery ranges from 2 to 5 years for lead-acid models and 5 to 10 years for lithium-ion types. It really depends on the battery’s quality, chemistry, construction, and other characteristics. However, it is important to be aware […]

The post How long do motorcycle batteries last? appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
We are often asked the question, how long do motorcycle batteries last? The average lifespan of a motorcycle battery ranges from 2 to 5 years for lead-acid models and 5 to 10 years for lithium-ion types. It really depends on the battery’s quality, chemistry, construction, and other characteristics. However, it is important to be aware that battery life is determined by manufacturers or independent research in a controlled environment. In reality, factors such as driving habits, environmental conditions, and maintenance can all affect the actual battery’s performance and durability.

No one knows better than you how wonderful it feels to ride your bike and feel that sensation of freedom and connection with the road, the landscape, and the elements. A bad or dead battery can ruin the moment in a second, and even worse, it can leave you stranded far from home.  That’s why CTEK are on hand to give more insight into the lifespan of motorcycle batteries and how to make the most out of your bike and your battery.

Knowing your bike’s battery type helps you to have an approximate idea of its durability and performance, as well as giving you the knowledge to choose the correct charger and charging mode, among other considerations.

Lead-Acid Batteries

These types of batteries can be divided into these categories:

Flooded or Wet-Cell: These are the oldest and most common batteries. They consist of a distilled water and sulphuric acid solution called the electrolyte contained by lead plates.

AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat): These batteries also work due to a combination of acid and lead. However, the acid is embedded in an absorbent glass mat, preventing spills and damage that may be caused by shocks and vibrations.

Due to their chemical composition and working principle, the plates of these batteries tend to corrode over time, losing efficiency. Also, fast or deep discharges may affect their components. That’s why their typical useful life goes from 3 to 5 years, and some models don’t last much more than 2 years.

Lithium Batteries

There are several types of lithium batteries, but the most commonly used are called LiFePO4. Because of their chemical composition and working principle, they have a longer lifespan than their lead-acid counterparts, which can go beyond 5 years.

Weather Conditions

The weather has a strong impact in answering the question “how long do motorcycle batteries last”. The optimal operating range for fully charged batteries is between 0°C and 25°C degrees.

How Cold Affects a Bike’s Battery Life

Winter, especially with freezing temperatures, deeply impacts batteries’ life and performance. It’s also the time of year with the most battery-related issues, including starting problems and batteries with irreparable damage. Extreme cold presents several challenges for your battery:

As temperature decreases, batteries must work harder to crank your bike’s engine up. The starter motor must turn more times until the engine starts, reducing the battery’s lifespan over time. When temperatures are 10°C or lower, oil becomes thicker, putting more strain on the starter and the battery.

In winter, especially when the roads are frozen, dangerous, and dark, it’s less tempting to go for a ride, so bikes often remain stored for the season, affecting the battery life. The chemicals inside the battery are affected by low temperatures, especially in lead-acid batteries, increasing their internal resistance and making them harder to charge.

Fully charged batteries can withstand lower temperatures. As the batteries discharge, their internal composition is affected. The liquid (electrolyte) inside depleted flooded batteries freezes at -2°C and may result in permanent damage. When fully charged, the electrolyte can withstand temperatures up to -59°C before freezing, extending the battery’s durability. AGM batteries are less prone to freezing, and lithium-ion batteries don’t freeze, but even if they handle cold better, it’s always best to keep them charged to prevent premature wear.

How Heat Affects a Bike’s Battery Life

Temperatures above 32°C also may affect batteries’ lifespan. Even when it’s unlikely that a motorcycle battery reaches such high temperatures while riding, it may reach or exceed that temperature in extremely hot weather or if the bike is left exposed to direct sunlight for an extended period, among other causes, reducing your bike’s battery life.

Heat accelerates the chemical reactions inside the batteries, leading to faster wear and reducing their capacity to hold a charge. In this case, Li-ion batteries are more susceptible to degradation and damage caused by high temperatures than lead-acid ones.  The electrolytes in flooded lead-acid batteries can be evaporated by extremely high temperatures, reducing their performance and ability to hold a charge.

In lead-acid batteries, extreme heat can lead to sulfation of the lead plates, forming crystals that reduce their performance and lifespan. Another common effect of extreme heat in these batteries is corrosion of the lead plates, which is irreversible and reduces the battery service life.

Other external factors such as humidity, exposure to rain, snow, dust, debris, and other elements also determine how long do motorcycle batteries last. Moisture and water exposure, for example, can promote corrosion of batteries’ terminals and connections, affecting their performance and lifespan. Dirt and debris can enter the battery compartment and promote pole corrosion, decreasing its performance over time and potentially reducing its lifespan. A good practice when charging a motorcycle battery is to clean the posts and connections from debris and any sulfation to promote better conductivity and reduce the risk of potential problems. 

Riding Habits

Battery life is also affected by your riding frequency and habits. For example, a battery mounted in a sports bike used for sporadic short road adventures doesn’t last the same as one used to power a daily-driven bike that covers long distances and is used for more than 15 minutes each time. 

When unused, batteries have different self-discharge rates, depending on their type. Factors like cold temperatures tend to accelerate self-discharge rates. For example, a lead-acid battery can hold enough charge to start your bike for about two months, while a LIFEPO4 battery may take four to five months to become fully depleted. Whether you can start your bike or not, self-discharge affects batteries’ capacity to hold a charge over time and contributes to premature wear. Besides, leaving a battery discharged for long periods makes it more prone to deterioration due to sulfation or internal component degradation on lead-acid and Li-ion batteries, respectively.

Making The Most Out Of Your Bike’s Battery In conclusion, not all motorcycle batteries last the same, and even though you can estimate the average lifespan of your battery based on the parameters

parameters described above, there is nothing you can do to control the weather and other factors. However, keeping your battery charged is the best you can do to extend your battery life and not let it be ruined by cold weather or infrequent use, among others.

Charging any battery just got a whole lot simpler with the CTEK CS ONE charger and maintainer. Its revolutionary APTO™ (Adaptive Charging) technology does all the thinking for you – you don’t even have to worry about which clamp goes where! The APTO™ Technology automatically recognises the type of battery you’re using, and then automatically delivers a customised charging program, telling you how long until the battery is charged and ready to go. No buttons to press or modes to select – just connect the CS ONE to any 12V battery and simply charge. Polarity free clamps mean you don’t even need to worry about which clamp goes where, so you’ll never make a wrong connection again. The clamps are spark free too, so don’t worry if you accidentally touch them together.”

For more information on CTEK CS ONE visit https://www.ctek.com/uk/battery-chargers-12v-24v/cs-one-uk

The post How long do motorcycle batteries last? appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
Factors Influencing Faster Recovery of Stolen Cars Using GPS Tracking Devices https://www.thedrive.co.uk/2024/05/22/factors-influencing-faster-recovery-of-stolen-cars-using-gps-tracking-devices/ Wed, 22 May 2024 11:54:34 +0000 https://www.thedrive.co.uk/?p=2430 The recovery of stolen vehicles has seen significant advancements with the introduction of GPS tracking technology. Several factors contribute to the effectiveness of these devices in ensuring the quick retrieval of stolen cars. Key among these is the covert installation of the device, high GPS accuracy, real-time tracking, robust location-sharing capabilities, geofencing, and durable battery […]

The post Factors Influencing Faster Recovery of Stolen Cars Using GPS Tracking Devices appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
The recovery of stolen vehicles has seen significant advancements with the introduction of GPS tracking technology. Several factors contribute to the effectiveness of these devices in ensuring the quick retrieval of stolen cars. Key among these is the covert installation of the device, high GPS accuracy, real-time tracking, robust location-sharing capabilities, geofencing, and durable battery life. This article explores how each of these elements plays a crucial role in the swift recovery of stolen vehicles.

Undetected Placement

The covert installation of a GPS tracking device is critical. If thieves cannot detect the device, they are less likely to disable it, ensuring continuous tracking and increasing the chances of recovering the vehicle.

High GPS Accuracy

Precise GPS accuracy is essential for pinpointing the exact location of the stolen vehicle. Advanced GPS systems offer high precision, which is crucial for providing real-time updates and aiding law enforcement in locating the car quickly.

Real-Time Tracking

Real-time tracking capabilities are indispensable for the timely recovery of stolen vehicles. Continuous monitoring of the vehicle’s location allows for moment-to-moment updates. This is especially important when the vehicle is in motion, enabling a swift response from law enforcement.

In addition to real-time updates, many advanced GPS systems offer historical data tracking. This means that even if the vehicle was not under constant surveillance, owners and authorities can review the vehicle’s previous routes and locations, aiding recovery efforts. The combination of live tracking and historical data provides a comprehensive overview of the vehicle’s movements, enhancing the prospects of recovery.

Robust Location-Sharing Functionalities

The ability to share the vehicle’s location with multiple parties, such as the police, family members, or recovery services, is another critical factor. Advanced GPS tracking systems include features that allow users to disseminate real-time location data through secure channels. This ensures that all parties involved in the recovery process have access to accurate information, facilitating coordinated efforts to reclaim the stolen vehicle.

The ease of location data sharing can significantly expedite recovery. User-friendly mobile applications and online platforms for GPS tracking have simplified the process. Vehicle owners can quickly generate secure links to their car’s real-time location and send them to law enforcement or recovery teams. Some systems also allow temporary access to tracking data, which can be revoked after recovery, enhancing privacy and security.

Geofencing and Alert Systems

Beyond the core functionalities, geofencing plays a pivotal role in vehicle recovery. Geofencing allows vehicle owners to set predefined boundaries for their vehicle. If the vehicle crosses these boundaries, the GPS system immediately alerts the owner and law enforcement. This proactive approach ensures that theft is detected almost immediately, significantly increasing the likelihood of rapid recovery.

For example, a vehicle owner can set a geofence around their home or workplace. If the vehicle moves beyond this perimeter without authorisation, an alert is triggered. This early warning system can lead to swift interventions and reduce the time the vehicle remains in the hands of thieves.

Battery Longevity and Device Durability

The reliability of a GPS tracking device also depends on its battery life and durability. Devices with long battery life ensure continuous tracking over extended periods, which is crucial if the recovery process takes time. Some devices have power-saving modes or solar charging capabilities, further extending their operational life.

Additionally, the physical robustness of the GPS tracker is vital. It must withstand various environmental conditions and potential tampering. Durable, weatherproof, and shock-resistant devices are more likely to remain functional in diverse situations, whether the vehicle travelled rough terrain or extreme weather conditions.

Conclusion

The quick recovery of stolen cars heavily relies on the effectiveness of the GPS tracking devices used. Key factors such as covert installation, high GPS accuracy, real-time tracking, robust location-sharing capabilities, geofencing, and device battery longevity and durability all contribute to improving the chances of promptly retrieving stolen vehicles. As GPS technology continues to evolve, these factors become increasingly sophisticated, further enhancing vehicle recovery efforts.

Vehicle owners are encouraged to invest in high-quality GPS tracking systems to safeguard their property and ensure peace of mind. By understanding and leveraging these factors, vehicle owners and law enforcement agencies can work together to combat car theft and recover stolen vehicles more efficiently and quickly.

The post Factors Influencing Faster Recovery of Stolen Cars Using GPS Tracking Devices appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
How to Start a Car Rental Business in The UK? https://www.thedrive.co.uk/2024/05/15/how-to-start-a-car-rental-business-in-the-uk/ Wed, 15 May 2024 11:06:52 +0000 https://www.thedrive.co.uk/?p=2426 Starting a car rental business in the UK can be a lucrative venture, especially with the rise of tourism and an increase in demand for rental vehicles. However, like any other business, it requires proper planning, research and execution to be successful. Here are the 6 key steps to follow when starting a car rental […]

The post How to Start a Car Rental Business in The UK? appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
Starting a car rental business in the UK can be a lucrative venture, especially with the rise of tourism and an increase in demand for rental vehicles. However, like any other business, it requires proper planning, research and execution to be successful.

Here are the 6 key steps to follow when starting a car rental business in the UK:

Step 1: Conduct Market Research

Before starting a car rental business in the UK, it is important to conduct thorough market research.

This will help you understand the current market trends, demand for rental vehicles, and your target customers.

Some key questions to consider during this stage include:

  • What types of vehicles are in high demand?
  • Where do most tourists or visitors rent cars in the UK?
  • What are the current rates for car rentals in different regions of the UK?
  • Who are your potential competitors and what services do they offer?

Being able to answer these questions is essential to create your car rental business plan.

Step 2: Develop a Business Plan

A business plan is essential for any business, including a car rental business. It will serve as your roadmap to success, outlining your goals, target market, financial projections, marketing strategies and more.

Some key elements to include in your business plan are:

  • Executive summary
  • Market analysis and research findings
  • Business structure and organization
  • Services offered and pricing strategy
  • Marketing and sales strategies
  • Financial projections and budgeting

Dedicating sufficient time to this step is critical to assess whether your car rental project is viable and if it can succeed. This comprehensive planning and analysis are also essential when seeking to raise financing for your business.

Step 3: Register Your Business and Obtain Necessary Permits/Licenses

To legally operate a car rental business in the UK, you will need to register your business with the appropriate authorities and obtain necessary permits and licenses.

Some key steps to follow during this stage include:

  • Registering your business with HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) for tax purposes
  • Obtaining a Vehicle Operator’s License from the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA)
  • Applying for a Private Hire Vehicle (PHV) License from your local council
  • Complying with health and safety regulations for operating a vehicle rental business

Consider partnering with a private company to establish your official car rental business, which typically incurs a cost of between £100 and £150.

Step 4: Obtain Necessary Licenses and Insurance

Getting the appropriate licenses and insurance is crucial for operating a car rental business legally and safely in the UK. This step is particularly important because it not only ensures compliance with local and national regulations but also serves to protect your business and your customers in case of accidents, theft, and other liabilities.

Key licenses and insurance policies to consider include:

  • Vehicle Hire License: Required to operate a car rental service.
  • Comprehensive Insurance: To cover the vehicles in your fleet against accidents, theft, and damage.
  • Liability Insurance: Protects your business against claims of property damage or personal injury caused by your vehicles.
  • Employers’ Liability Insurance: Mandatory if you’re hiring staff, to cover injuries or sickness to employees as a result of their work.

Obtaining the necessary licenses and securing the right insurance coverage not only legitimizes your operation but also builds trust with customers and investors, like banks, who see that you’re committed to maintaining high standards of safety and legality.

Step 5 : Secure Funding and Set Up Operational Processes

Starting a car rental business requires upfront investment in vehicles, office space, insurance, and more. Therefore, securing funding is crucial.

Some key considerations during this stage include:

  • Securing loans or financing options from banks or other financial institutions
  • Setting up administrative and operational processes, such as booking systems, rental agreements, vehicle maintenance procedures, etc.
  • Establishing a pricing strategy that covers expenses and generates profit
  • Hiring staff, if necessary, and providing proper training on company policies and procedures.

Once you have secured funding and set up your operational processes, it’s time to start promoting your business and attracting customers. This can be done through various marketing strategies such as creating a strong online presence, partnering with hotels.

What is the Initial Investment Required to Launch a Car Rental Business in the UK?

The initial investment to start a car rental business in the UK varies depending on several factors, such as location, size of the fleet, and operational costs. However, here are some general estimates for the key expenses:

  • Vehicle purchase or lease: This can range from £10,000 to £50,000 per vehicle.
  • Office space: Renting office space can cost anywhere from £500 to £2,000 per month.
  • Insurance: This will vary based on the type and number of vehicles, but can range from £200 to £1,000 per vehicle annually.
  • Marketing and advertising: You should allocate a budget for marketing and advertising activities, which can range from £500 to £5,000 or more depending on your strategy.
  • Staffing: This will depend on the size of your business, but you should budget for salaries and training costs for at least a few employees.

Overall, the initial investment to launch a car rental business in the UK can range from £50,000 to £200,000 or more. It’s important to carefully budget and plan for these expenses to ensure your business has a strong foundation for success.

Step 6: Market Your Business

Marketing is crucial for any business to attract customers and generate revenue.

Some key marketing strategies you can implement for your car rental business include:

  • Creating a website and optimizing it for search engines
  • Utilising social media platforms to showcase your services and engage with potential customers
  • Collaborating with hotels, travel agencies, and other businesses in the tourism industry to reach a wider audience
  • Offering promotions or discounts to attract new customers and retain existing ones
  • Building partnerships with local businesses or events to gain exposure and attract potential customers
  • Develop a distinctive brand identity, including the design of business posters, flyers, Logo and business cards.

By effectively marketing your car rental business, you can increase brand awareness and attract more customers, ultimately leading to increased revenue.

Step 7: Monitor and Improve

Running a successful car rental business requires constant monitoring and improvement.

Some key steps you can take to ensure your business stays on track include:

  • Tracking your financial performance regularly to identify areas for improvement
  • Gathering feedback from customers to understand their needs and make necessary changes in services or processes
  • Keeping up with industry trends and adjusting your business accordingly
  • Regularly updating and maintaining your fleet of vehicles to ensure customer satisfaction and safety. 

By continuously monitoring and improving your business, you can maintain a competitive edge in the market and provide exceptional services to your customers.

Conclusion

In conclusion, starting a car rental business can be a profitable venture if done right. By following these key steps, you can establish a successful and sustainable car rental business that meets the needs of your target market.

Remember to carefully research and plan before starting your business, build a strong brand, provide exceptional customer service, and continuously monitor and improve your operations. With dedication and hard work, you can achieve success in the car rental industry.

So why wait? Start planning for your car rental business today!  So don’t hesitate to follow these steps and start building your own successful car rental business today!

The post How to Start a Car Rental Business in The UK? appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
GET CTEK READY! https://www.thedrive.co.uk/2024/05/08/get-ctek-ready/ Wed, 08 May 2024 09:40:46 +0000 https://www.thedrive.co.uk/?p=2423 Boost Sales, Customer Satisfaction, and More! CTEK Ready is a game-changer for vehicle shops and dealerships, designed to increase their profits and enhance their customers’ experience. The CTEK READY AUTOMOTIVE kit is made for shops and dealerships focusing on cars and contains 50 pcs CONNECT EYELET M8 and 50 pcs CTEK READY stickers. The CTEK […]

The post GET CTEK READY! appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
Boost Sales, Customer Satisfaction, and More!

CTEK Ready is a game-changer for vehicle shops and dealerships, designed to increase their profits and enhance their customers’ experience. The CTEK READY AUTOMOTIVE kit is made for shops and dealerships focusing on cars and contains 50 pcs CONNECT EYELET M8 and 50 pcs CTEK READY stickers.

The CTEK CONNECT EYELET features CTEK’s unique CONNECT system so it can be quickly attached to a CTEK charger and provide easy access to the battery. This simplifies the charging process, both while the vehicle is in the showroom and for the customer when the vehicle is sold. By adding a CTEK READY sticker the vehicle owner is reminded of the need to charge, helping them improve battery health, which reduces battery warranty claims for the vehicle dealership.

WHY CHARGE?

With the increased number of electronic components in modern vehicles, a lot of strain is put on the battery.  Regularly charging the vehicle battery has become essential to make it work properly and last longer. In fact – research shows that regularly charging your vehicle battery with a smart battery charger significantly reduces the risk of a battery breakdown and prolongs the lifespan of the battery, compared to only recharging with the alternator.

WHY CTEK READY?

Embracing the CTEK Ready concept can have a significant positive impact on any automotive business, increasing sales and building customer relationships. Here are some of the benefits:

• Elevate Customer Experience:

– Provide a hassle-free charging solution to your customers, making their lives easier and ensuring their batteries are always ready to go.

• Increase Sales and Profit:

– Sell more battery chargers with every vehicle purchase, increasing your bottom line.

• Reduce Warranty Claims:

– Improved battery health means fewer warranty claims, saving you money and boosting your reputation.

• Competitive Edge:

– Stand out from the competition by offering a proactive solution that keeps your customers’ vehicles in peak condition.

• Simplify Showroom Maintenance:

– Easy and quick connection to the vehicle battery simplifies charging, helping you keep the battery in perfect condition on showroom vehicles. For more information on CTEK READY Automotive visit CTEK READY AUTOMOTIVE | ctek.com

The post GET CTEK READY! appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
How Can You Maximise Your Vehicle’s Market Value? https://www.thedrive.co.uk/2024/04/30/how-can-you-maximise-your-vehicles-market-value/ Tue, 30 Apr 2024 07:33:32 +0000 https://www.thedrive.co.uk/?p=2419 Your car is something that is probably very important to you. It’s something that can get you from one place to another, give you a sense of independence and can often be an extension of your personality. However, it is also a significant financial investment which means that when you come to sell it, you […]

The post How Can You Maximise Your Vehicle’s Market Value? appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
Your car is something that is probably very important to you. It’s something that can get you from one place to another, give you a sense of independence and can often be an extension of your personality. However, it is also a significant financial investment which means that when you come to sell it, you will want to get as much money as possible for it.

There are a number of factors that can affect the value of your car, including how you care for your car and how long you hold on to it, so in this article Mudd-E take a look at the things that you can do to maximise the value of your vehicle.

Age

Unless you are dealing with a vintage model, cars will depreciate with age. It is estimated that two identical cars with the same mileage can vary in value by 2% just because one is a year older than the other. This means that you can lose a substantial amount of the value of your car the longer that you hold on to it, so this should be factored into your plans.

Service history

When selling a car, one of the first things any garage or potential buyer will look at is the service history of the vehicle. This is a big indicator in how well it has been looked after and can show that an expert eye has been cast over it on a regular basis.

A full-service history can show that the car has been cared for and can also allow a buyer to see what work has been done on it, so that they know what bills they might have to face themselves. It is thought that a full-service history can impact the value of a car by as much as 7%, and full dealer service can be valued at even more, so it is worth making sure that you have a comprehensive record of your services.

Modifications

Many people now have modifications done to their cars, and it can have an impact o the value, but not always for the better. Some modifications are a matter of taste, so a vinyl wrap, lowered suspension or large rear wing will narrow the number of people that might be interested in it, which can then affect the value.

Most buyers prefer unmodified vehicles as it can give the impression that the engine has not been treated well or it will be difficult to ensure, so either avoid making modifications or remove them before you put it up for sale.

External condition

If there is any damage to the bodywork of your car, it can impact the value, so it may be worthwhile getting dents and bumps fixed. Buyers will expect a certain amount of wear and tear on a used vehicle, but bigger issues can be a lot more off putting. You should ensure that damage is put right, and larger scratches and scuffs are polished or resprayed.

You should also take the time to check everything is working, as it only takes a broken bulb in a brake light to make a buyer think that the car has not been taken care of.

Internal condition

The inside of a car is something that is often overlooked, but we spend more time looking at the inside than the outside, so it also needs attention.

Make sure that you use things like seat covers and boot liners to protect the upholstery of your car. This will help to avoid stains, scratches and other types of damage, and maintain the value of your vehicle. You should also look at putting new car mats into your vehicle, as it can help to give the impression of being new and fresh.

Mileage

The number of miles that your car has travelled during its lifetime is likely to have a big impact on what it is worth. High-mileage cars tend to have experienced more wear, and so the upkeep on them can get expensive. This puts buyers off, and estimates show that every 10,000 miles on the clock can knock 5% off the value of your car.

Colour

You might think that the colour of your car is one thing that won’t make a difference to its value, but you would be wrong. Whilst there are a number of colours that are considered to be standard, there are a few that are less common. Some of these are extremely sought-after and can send the value rocketing, however, others are not as popular and can actually cause the value of the car to plummet, so make sure that you choose wisely.

Make and model

The make of your car will always impact how much it is worth, as some are considered to be prestige, sport or luxury brands that people are generally prepared to pay more for. A lot of buyers will also pay attention to the model, as some are very popular, and more unusual versions of a certain model are likely to be worth a lot more money.

Overall condition

When you come to sell your car, you will want to show it in its best light in order to achieve its maximum value. The first way to achieve this is through a deep clean on both the outside and the inside, not forgetting under the bonnet as well.

This will help to show it off and get rid of any unpleasant odours that might be lurking. You should also check your fluid levels and tyre condition and deal with any issues that this creates so that the car is running smoothly on the day.

Your vehicle has the potential to be worth a lot of money, but much of this will depend on how you look after it and how you present it. Sometimes, it can be worth spending some money on the vehicle as well as investing your time, to help it achieve its maximum value when you decide to sell it.

The post How Can You Maximise Your Vehicle’s Market Value? appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>
Car service including free battery repair? https://www.thedrive.co.uk/2024/03/06/car-service-including-free-battery-repair/ Wed, 06 Mar 2024 08:52:11 +0000 https://www.thedrive.co.uk/?p=2415 AJ Automedics delivers battery support in conjunction with routine service, fault finding and repair, thanks to CTEK’s PRO25SE AJ Automedics is a successful automotive workshop established 2010, which, through a lot of commitment and hard work from the team of expert technicians has earned an excellent reputation for honest, reliable garage services in Durham and […]

The post Car service including free battery repair? appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>

AJ Automedics delivers battery support in conjunction with routine service, fault finding and repair, thanks to CTEK’s PRO25SE

AJ Automedics is a successful automotive workshop established 2010, which, through a lot of commitment and hard work from the team of expert technicians has earned an excellent reputation for honest, reliable garage services in Durham and throughout the North East of England and even has regular customers from Europe.

AJ Automedics are proud to be part of the Autocare network of carefully selected garages, meaning that the team of technicians have access to regular Autocare training, and are experts in working on all makes and models of vehicle.

The business has a large purpose-built workshop, fully-equipped with an MOT testing facility, with the capability and equipment to be able to repair and service all makes and models of cars and commercial vehicles. The facility also has the capacity to cater for large vehicles such as mini-buses, motorhomes, caravans, ambulances, trucks and horseboxes.

AJ Automedics are also Electric Vehicle Approved (EVA), they have been assessed against a set of standards for automotive workshops which recognise a business’ excellence in the electric vehicle sector. This EVA badge of approval gives peace of mind that you, as a consumer, are dealing with an expert in the electric vehicle sector. The team consists of technicians with the qualifications, skills and knowledge to service and repair hybrid and electric vehicles.

Late in 2023 the business acquired a CTEK PRO25SE, capable of delivering up to 25A of battery support power in the workshop, along with fully automatic 8-step charging and maintenance, and 6M cable for maximum flexibility. Previously having used an older alternative, the workshop was on the lookout for a more reliable battery support unit to ensure a stable power source for vehicle’s electrical systems during routine servicing and repairs.

James Colling, Owner of AJ Automedics said: “Diagnostic tests and reprogramming procedures can put a strain on the battery, especially if they require extended periods of time. By connecting a reliable battery support unit, it helps maintain a consistent power supply and prevents the battery from displaying ghost faults, and being drained in the process.

“It is a safety net for the workshop. If the battery is faulty then there is an opportunity to talk to the customer and either recharge the battery, or replace it with a new one. It is added value to the customer if the workshop can give the tips and advice that will extend the life of the battery, and of course it is good business for the workshop to be able to make a charge for this value added service.”

CTEK’s PRO products are ideal for use in the professional workshop. They have a stable voltage and protect against de-rating. The battery support units are compatible with all types of 12V batteries and have automatic parallel load compensation. They are equipped with a fully automatic 8-step charging process to support the workshop during service work and a dedicated Supply mode, to provide a constant power supply during diagnostics

About the PRO25SE

PRO25SE has been designed to be easily carried around or fixed with the supplied wall hanger, so it’s always ready. It’s easy to use with a reliable 12V power supply for code reading, circuit testing and fault finding. The constant supply also ensures that the vehicle’s data isn’t lost and prevents any damage to sensitive electronics or the vehicle’s ECUs. PRO25SE offers fully automatic 8-step charging and maintenance for all lead-acid batteries, including lithium*. It has automatic temperature compensation for ambient temperature in conditions between -20°C and +50°C (-4°F to +122°F). It also features automatic parallel load compensation which makes sure that power supply voltage and amperage are always constant and correct, even if the battery has an additional load placed on it during diagnostic work. *) 12V lithium batteries (LiFePO4, Li-Fe, Li-iron, LFP)

Features

Up to 25A of battery support

12V power supply support for code reading, electrical circuit testing and fault finding

Fast, fully automatic 8-step charging

‘RECOND’ step for to bring deeply discharged lead-acid batteries back to life

Supplied with heavy duty 6m charging cables and mounting kit

Charger type: 8-step, fully automatic charging cycle

Work with all 12V battery types, including Lithium* (LiFePO4)

Low 2V start up voltage for charging

Extremely low ripple

Automatic parallel load compensation

Automatic temperature compensation

Degree of protection: IP44

Warranty: 2 years

Accessories: optional BUMPER 300 silicone protector

For more information about the PRO25SE, please visit https://www.ctek.com/uk/battery-chargers-12v-24v/vehicle-type/pro25se-uk

The post Car service including free battery repair? appeared first on TheDrive.co.uk.

]]>